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<title>Scholarly literature</title>
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<dc:date>2026-04-21T01:14:56Z</dc:date>
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<title>Impact of Extreme Weather Events and Land use on Leptospira Distribution in Vembanad Lake and Associated Disease Outbreaks in Near Shore Areas</title>
<link>http://drs.nio.res.in/drs/handle/2264/9650</link>
<description>Impact of Extreme Weather Events and Land use on Leptospira Distribution in Vembanad Lake and Associated Disease Outbreaks in Near Shore Areas
Anas, A.; Sreelakshmi, P.; Ashraf, N.; Chekidhenkuzhiyil, J.; Rajamohananpillai, R.; Sengupta, D.; Menon, N.; George, G.; Kulk, G.; Gireesh Kumar, T.R.; Sathyendranath, S.
Leptospirosis is a water-associated zoonotic disease prevalent in tropical and low-income regions. The pathogen enters the environment through rodent excreta, and extreme weather events—such as floods—enhance its transmission to humans. This study analyses the incidence of leptospirosis in Kerala state, examines the distribution of Leptospira in the water column of Vembanad Lake, a Ramsar site and the largest lake in the state, and investigates the influence of land use patterns and the physical and chemical properties of the water column. Water samples for analysis were collected at approximately 20-day intervals over 12 months from 13 stations in Vembanad Lake. Analysis of the decadal dataset of disease incidence indicates that the region is endemic to leptospirosis, with nearly 50% of the cases reported in 2018—particularly in areas surrounding Vembanad Lake—occurring in September, coinciding with a once-in-a-century flood. A significant positive correlation was observed between rainfall and disease incidence (r = 0.73, p &lt; 0.05). Over the past 50 years, built-up areas around the lake have expanded by nearly 150%, providing less space for water and increasing the likelihood of floods that can transmit pathogens. Molecular surveillance using quantitative real-time PCR revealed that Leptospira is prevalent in the lake, with gene copies ranging from 4.62 × 105 (Log₁₀ 5.67) to 3.98 × 10⁷ (Log₁₀ 7.60) per ml during the rainy season (June–December) and 2.8 × 10⁶ (Log₁₀ 6.63) to 1.53 × 10⁸ (Log₁₀ 8.18) per ml during the dry season (January–May). Results indicate that the distribution of Leptospira in Vembanad Lake is influenced by temperature, pH, and nutrient composition (PO₄ and NO₂) of the water column. This study highlights the prevalence of Leptospira in the lake’s water column and the heightened risk of transmission to humans during extreme weather events. It underscores the need for a multifaceted approach, including molecular and remote sensing-based pathogen surveillance, public awareness initiatives, integrated floodwater management, rodent control measures in urban planning, and targeted interventions to mitigate environmental transmission.
IF2024=3.0
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<dc:date>2025-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
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<item rdf:about="http://drs.nio.res.in/drs/handle/2264/9649">
<title>Emergence of coral rubble islet near Manoli Island, Gulf of Mannar, India</title>
<link>http://drs.nio.res.in/drs/handle/2264/9649</link>
<description>Emergence of coral rubble islet near Manoli Island, Gulf of Mannar, India
Ramesh, Ch.; Shunmugaraj, T.; ManiMurali, R.; Koushik, S.; Murthy, M.V.R.
Coral  reefs  of  the  Gulf  of  Mannar  region,  India,  are  damaged  severely  by  bleaching  events,  anthropogenic  stressors,  coral  diseases, and invasive species. The fate of dead corals has not been investigated in this region. In this study, dead corals forming a coral rubble islet was identified about 800 m away from the southeast of Manoliputti Island, Gulf of Mannar. The 50 m-long rubble  islet  consisted  mainly  of  dead  Acroporidae  and  Faviidae  corals.  Field  observations  indicate  that  the  convergence  of  waves from various directions around the coral rubble islet may be a primary factor in its formation. Current velocity and windpatterns data from satellite support that the collision between wind and current would facilitate the formation of a coral rubble islet. Further studies are required to understand the long-term influence of extreme waves, currents, and longshore drifts on this coral rubble islet's accretion, shape, and shift. The study infers that the instability of the seafloor topography, combined with the vulnerability  of  Acroporidae  and  Faviidae  corals  to  hydrodynamic  forces,  may  have  led  to  the  substantial  generation  and  accumulation  of  coral  fragments  over  the  past  two  decades.  Thus,  further  studies  on  the  sediment  texture  of  reef  flats  and  conservation and restoration of these corals are needed urgently to protect coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar
IF2024=0.32
</description>
<dc:date>2026-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
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<item rdf:about="http://drs.nio.res.in/drs/handle/2264/9640">
<title>Pelagic methane cycling in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone</title>
<link>http://drs.nio.res.in/drs/handle/2264/9640</link>
<description>Pelagic methane cycling in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone
Shirodkar, G.; Pratihary, A.K.; Kurian, S.; Uskaikar, H.; Shenoy, D. M.; Damare, S.R.; D'Souza, D.; Naik, V.; Vidya, P. J.; Gauns, M.; Sahu, Sunanda
The Arabian Sea experiences an intense perennial Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) (150?1,200 m) in its northern and central regions. Earlier measurements during the 1990s (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, India) revealed methane (CH4) oversaturation in the upper 300?400 m in this region. The basin is reported to have experienced warming and OMZ intensification in recent years, while the particle flux is expected to remain moderately steady. In response to the above phenomena, we aimed to examine the change in CH4 distribution in comparison to the 1990s by studying the depth profiles of CH4 along 8?21 N over 68 E meridian from February 2017 to October 2024. The present study showed CH4 oversaturation in the upper 135?350 m in the OMZ region and 100?150 m in the non-OMZ region. The upper OMZ CH4 maxima exhibits moderate spatial variability with higher concentrations toward the north. However, there was no significant change in the CH4 maxima in the OMZ in comparison to those during the 1990s. The waters in the OMZ core and below were undersaturated with CH4 as observed in the 1990s. We hypothesize that the CH4 build-up in the OMZ waters was possibly related to its in situ production from the anoxic micro-niches in sinking detrital particulate matter. The CH4 undersaturation in the core of OMZ was possibly due to reduced particle fluxes, which led to low CH4 production potential. However, the potential role of oxidants such as nitrite and oxygen on the CH4 cycling in the Arabian Sea OMZ needs further research.
IF2024=5.5
</description>
<dc:date>2025-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
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<item rdf:about="http://drs.nio.res.in/drs/handle/2264/9647">
<title>Mechanism of formation of seasonal sea surface temperature fronts in the northeastern Arabian Sea</title>
<link>http://drs.nio.res.in/drs/handle/2264/9647</link>
<description>Mechanism of formation of seasonal sea surface temperature fronts in the northeastern Arabian Sea
Jithin, A.K.; Shankar,D.; Subeesh, M.P.; Aparna, S.G.
Using simulations from a high-resolution (?2.3 km) Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS), we investigate the mechanism of formation of two seasonally occurring long-lived sea-surface-temperature (SST) fronts, namely the West India Shelf-Slope Front (WISSF) and the West India Mid-Shelf Front (WIMSF), which have been shown to occur during the winter monsoon in the northeastern Arabian Sea (NEAS). The simulations reveal that the WISSF forms along the edges of the poleward West India Coastal Current (WICC). This occurs as the WICC advects warm water along the shelf break into cooler ambient waters on either side of the NEAS, which are cooled by surface heat loss. Even though the surface heat loss in the Gulf of Khambhat (GoKb) is less than offshore on the shelf or in the deeper NEAS, the lowest SSTs occur in the gulf owing to its shallowness. This differential cooling leads to the formation of WIMSF, which forms the boundary between the cold waters of the gulf and the warmer waters offshore. Our study show that though these large-scale processes, advection by the WICC and surface cooling by atmospheric fluxes, drive the formation of the SST fronts in the NEAS, tidal forcing is important to simulate their positions accurately because the tidal currents control advection of cold water from the GoKb onto the shelf and vertical mixing due to the tides determines the location of the front at the shelf break.
IF2024=2.5
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<dc:date>2026-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
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