Temperature- and size-associated differences in the skeletal structures and osculum cross-sectional area influence the pumping rate of contractile sponge Cinachyrella cf. cavernosa

Abstract

Sponges alter the proportion of structural and morphological components such as spicule skeleton and number of oscula in response to environment, development and growth. Such mechanisms indicate morphological and physiological variations within populations. We measured the pumping rate of different sized specimens of contractile sponge Cinachyrella cf. cavernosa present in the intertidal rock pools, during morning and afternoon low tides along the central west coast of India. Additionally, we measured the exhalant opening (oscular cross-sectional area-OSA), tissue density, spicule skeleton weight and the abundance of choanocyte chambers to assess the morphological variations. Water temperature and sponge size showed a significant positive effect on pumping rate. OSA and the number of oscula increased with sponge size, but the sponge volume?specific pumping rate did not increase (0.029 � 0.020 ml/s ml?1). Histological sections showed the abundance of chaonocyte chambers increased marginally with the sponge size, but the contraction state affected the count. Both tissue density and spicule skeleton weight were positively correlated with sponge size, particularly the increase in the size and number of spicule bundles radiating from the centre indicated a denser core in larger specimens. The subcortical lacunae and the peripheral choanosome with high abundance of canals appear to be the major volume reduction zones during contraction events. Our results indicate that the size and number of spicule bundles increase with sponge volume and the variation in temperature, contraction state, and size and number of oscula influence the pumping rate of C. cf. cavernosa.