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    The Significance of Denitrification in the Nitrogen Cycle

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    Date
    2020
    Author
    Fernandes, G.L.
    Mulla, A.B.
    Menezes, L.D.
    Damare, S.R.
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    Abstract
    Nitrogen fluxes from marine systems to the atmosphere are between 25x10 9 and 179x10 9 kilograms per year and from terrestrial systems, between 90x10 9 and 243x10 9 kilograms per year via microbial denitrification. Approximately 44, 22, and 14% of the total global denitrification occur in continental shelves, terrestrial soils, and oxygen minimum zones, respectively, while the remaining denitrification 1s accounted for in freshwater systems like groundwater, lakes, and rivers. Denitrification is widespread among different genera belonging to Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Many bacteria and archaea harbour all denitrification genes and can potentially perform the complete pathway, while others lack the nitrous oxide reductase gene and produce only nitrous oxide as the denitrification end product. Fungi generally lack nitrous oxide reductase, suggesting that these organisms are responsible for a large portion of nitrous oxide emission. Denitrifying organisms can have different combinations of the denitrification genes. The largest number of genes (33) is reported in Gamma-Proteobacteria. Genetic markers involved in denitrification, such as narG and napA (encoding nitrate reductase), nirK and nirS (encoding nitrite reductase), norB (encoding nitric oxide reductase) and nosZ (encoding nitrous oxide reductase), are being widely used to elucidate the role of microbes in the environment. Many methods are used to determine denitrification rates in terrestrial and aquatic systems and these display great variation due to the inadequacy of the techniques. This adds to uncertainties in the estimates of global denitrification. However, the recent techniques used for rate measurements include direct estimates of dinitrogen gas, methods based on stable isotopes, mass balance, and stoichiometric approaches. This chapter sheds light on the existing knowledge on the microbes, their genes, and the techniques used in the rate measurement of denitrification, ultimately linking their role to primary production and the carbon cycle both in terrestrial and aquatic systems.
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    https://www.cambridgescholars.com/global-implications-of-the-nitrogen-cycle
    http://drs.nio.org/drs/handle/2264/8426
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