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    Geomicrobial dynamics of Trans-Himalayan sulfur-borax spring system reveals mesophilic bacteria's resilience to high heat

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    Date
    2020
    Author
    Roy, C.
    Mondal, N.
    Peketi, A.
    Fernandes, S.
    Mapder, T.
    Volvoikar, S.P.
    Haldar, P.K.
    Nandi, N.
    Bhattacharya, T.
    Mazumdar, A.
    Chakraborty, R.
    Ghosh, W.
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    Abstract
    Geomicrobiology of sulfur-boron-dominated, neutral-pH hydrothermal systems was revealed in a Trans-Himalayan spring named Lotus Pond, located at 4436 m, in Puga Valley, Ladakh (India), where water boils at 85°C. Water sampled along Lotus Pond's outflow (vent to an adjacent river called Rulang), representing an 85-14°C gradient, had high microbial diversity and boron/chloride/sodium/sulfate/thiosulfate concentration; potassium/silicon/sulfide/sulfite was moderately abundant, whereas cesium/lithium small but definite. Majority of the bacterial genera identified in the 85-72°C samples have no laboratory-growth reported at >45°C, and some of those mesophiles were culturable. Sulfur-species concentration and isotope-ratio along the hydrothermal gradient, together with the distribution of genera having sulfur-oxidizing members, indicated chemolithotrophic activities in the 85-72°C sites. While biodiversity increased in the vent-to-river trajectory all-day, maximum rise was invariably between the vent (85-81°C) and the 78-72°C site; below 72°C, diversity increased gradually. Biodiversity of the vent-water exhibited diurnal fluxes relatable to the sub-surface-processes-driven temporal fluxes in physicochemical properties of the discharge. Snow-melts infiltrating (via tectonic faults) the ~160°C geothermal reservoir located within the breccia, at ~450 m depth, apparently transport mesophilic microbes into the thermal waters. As these micro-organisms emanate with the vent-water, some remain alive, illustrating that natural bacterial populations are more heat-resilient than their laboratory counterparts.
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    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-020-01423-y
    http://drs.nio.org/drs/handle/2264/8471
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