Distinct environmental parameters influence the abundance of living benthic foraminifera morphogroups in the southeastern Arabian Sea

Abstract

The ambient environmental parameters have a great bearing on the morphology of living flora and fauna.In this study, we tested this hypothesis on one of the most dominant groups of living unicellular marine microorganism, benthic foraminifera, in the dynamic region of the southeastern Arabian Sea.The living benthic foraminifera from 43 surface samples collected between 25 and 2980~m of water depth were segregated into eight morphogroups (tapered/cylindrical, flattened-ovoid, biconvex, planoconvex, flattened-tapered, spherical, rounded-trochospiral, and rounded-planispiral).We report that the high organic carbon availability is combined with deficiency of oxygen results in benthic foraminifera with low surface area to volume ratio and mostly consists of tapered/cylindrical, flattened-ovoid forms, with a preference for infaunal habitat.However, the tests of the living benthic foraminifera thriving in the oxygen-rich bottom waters have a high surface area to volume ratio, commonly reported as epifaunal, consisting of biconvex and planoconvex forms.Additionally, we also report that the abundance of other morphogroups, namely flattened-tapered, spherical, rounded-trochospiral, and rounded-planispiral, is also controlled by the distinct environmental parameters.We suggest that the living benthic foraminifera are an excellent indicator of the ambient environmental parameters and can be used to reconstruct paleoenvironments.