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dc.contributor.authorMetaxas, A.
dc.contributor.authorAnglin, C.D.
dc.contributor.authorCross, A.
dc.contributor.authorDrazen, J.
dc.contributor.authorHaeckel, M.
dc.contributor.authorMudd, G.
dc.contributor.authorSmith, C.R.
dc.contributor.authorSmith, S.
dc.contributor.authorWeaver, P.P.E.
dc.contributor.authorSonter, L.
dc.contributor.authorAmon, D.J.
dc.contributor.authorErskine, P.D.
dc.contributor.authorLevin, L.A.
dc.contributor.authorLily, H.
dc.contributor.authorMaest, A.S.
dc.contributor.authorMestre, N.C.
dc.contributor.authorRamirez-Llodra, E.
dc.contributor.authorSanchez, L.E.
dc.contributor.authorSharma, R.
dc.contributor.authorVanreusel, A.
dc.contributor.authorWheston, S.
dc.contributor.authorTunnicliffe, V.
dc.date.accessioned2024-10-03
dc.date.accessioned2024-10-10T11:46:01Z
dc.date.available2024-05-23
dc.date.available2024-10-10T11:46:01Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.identifier.citationGlobal Change Biology, vol.30(5); 2024; Article no: e17334
dc.identifier.issn1365-2486
dc.identifier.otherhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gcb.17334
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1111/GCB.17334
dc.identifier.urihttp://drs.nio.res.in/drs/handle/2264/9275
dc.descriptionIF2022= 11.6
dc.description.abstractThe crises of climate change and biodiversity loss are interlinked and must be addressed jointly. A proposed solution for reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and thus mitigating climate change, is the transition from conventional combustion-engine to electric vehicles. This transition currently requires additional mineral resources, such as nickel and cobalt used in car batteries, presently obtained from land-based mines. Most options to meet this demand are associated with some biodiversity loss. One proposal is to mine the deep seabed, a vast, relatively pristine and mostly unexplored region of our planet. Few comparisons of environmental impacts of solely expanding land-based mining versus extending mining to the deep seabed for the additional resources exist and for biodiversity only qualitative. Here, we present a framework that facilitates a holistic comparison of relative ecosystem impacts by mining, using empirical data from relevant environmental metrics. This framework (Environmental Impact Wheel) includes a suite of physicochemical and biological components, rather than a few selected metrics, surrogates, or proxies. It is modified from the �recovery wheel� presented in the International Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration to address impacts rather than recovery. The wheel includes six attributes (physical condition, community composition, structural diversity, ecosystem function, external exchanges and absence of threats). Each has 3-5 sub attributes, in turn measured with several indicators. The framework includes five steps: (1) identifying geographic scope; (2) identifying relevant spatiotemporal scales; (3) selecting relevant indicators for each sub-attribute; (4) aggregating changes in indicators to scores; and (5) generating Environmental Impact Wheels for targeted comparisons. To move forward comparisons of land-based with deep seabed mining, thresholds of the indicators that reflect the range in severity of environmental impacts are needed. Indicators should be based on clearly articulated environmental goals, with objectives and targets that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time bound.
dc.languageen
dc.publisherJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd
dc.relation.isreferencedbySCI
dc.rightsOnly the author version of the copright reserved papers uploaded. Contact drs@nio.org for any complaints regarding copyright violations
dc.titleComparing environmental impacts of deep-seabed and land-based mining: A defensible framework
dc.typeJournal Article
dc.affiliation.authorDepartment of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada


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