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    Phthalic acid esters as an ecological hazard to the coral reef ecosystems: A case study from the coral reef waters of the Lakshadweep Archipelago, Arabian Sea

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    Date
    2025
    Author
    Vignesh, E.R.
    Gireeshkumar, T.R.
    Arya, K.S.
    Nair, M. M.
    Rakesh, P.S.
    Jayadev, B.S.
    AsmaShirin P.P.
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    Abstract
    Information regarding the sources, distribution and ecological implications of organic contaminants in the coral reef ecosystems is limited. Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are toxic contaminants due to their endocrine-disrupting and carcinogenic properties. This study investigated the sources, distribution and ecological risk of PAEs (15 PAE congeners) in dissolved and particulate matter-bound forms present in the coral reefs of the Lakshadweep Archipelago. Samples (water and suspended particulate matter) collected from 24 stations of 4 coral islands (Perumal Par, Bangaram, Agatti and Kavaratti) during January and December 2022 were analysed for 15 PAE congeners. The concentration of PAEs was generally lower in coral reef waters than those reported worldwide. The dissolved PAEs (TDPAEs) ranged from 9.23 to 820.85�ng/L, and the particulate PAEs (TPPAEs) ranged from 642.90 to 28,315.45�ng/g. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified three major clusters: one cluster representing low molecular weight PAEs (cosmetic products), while the other two represented medium to high molecular weight PAEs (plastic products). The study region's risk quotient (RQ) values indicated a moderate to high ecological risk caused by di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) to crustaceans and fish and indirectly to human health. Therefore, this study strongly recommends regular, systematic monitoring and pollution assessment to avoid the environmental degradation of these fragile ecosystems. This baseline data on PAEs and their source apportionment can help develop mitigative measures for reducing organic contaminants in the coral reef environment.
    URI
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117866
    http://drs.nio.res.in/drs/handle/2264/9444
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