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    Global marine plastic pollution: Sources, distribution, implications on human health and mitigation strategies

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    Date
    2025
    Author
    Fulke, A. B.
    Bhanushali, S.
    Jadhav, H. S.
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    Abstract
    Plastic pollution has emerged as a pressing environmental crisis, with global production surging from 2 million tonnes per year in the 1950s to a staggering 460 million tonnes in 2019. A substantial portion of this plastic waste, over 260,000 tonnes, finds its way into the world's oceans, profoundly impacting marine basins worldwide. Research indicates that an estimated 10 million metric tons of plastic are annually released into aquatic bodies. If current trends continue, an alarming 33 billion tonnes of plastic are projected to accumulate in marine ecosystems by 2050. The pervasive issue of marine litter is dominated by plastic debris, constituting approximately 80 % of all marine waste. Their widespread distribution has raised serious environmental and public health concerns. This comprehensive review identifies the diverse sources of marine plastic whose accumulation results in Global Marine Plastic Pollution (GMPP) and the global distribution of microplastics in the surface waters and sediments across continents and oceans. Moreover, this phenomenon leads to the ingestion of microplastics by various organisms within the marine ecosystem. The alarming nature of this situation calls for immediate action, which has been addressed through the implementation of international policy instruments at the global, regional, and national levels to combat marine plastic pollution. Furthermore, this review discusses the pivotal factors that promote the ingestion of microplastics and assesses their potential implications on marine organisms and human health
    URI
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2025.105578
    http://drs.nio.res.in/drs/handle/2264/9549
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