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    Response of larger mesozooplankton (>?1 mm) to upwelling and river-induced stratification in the eastern Arabian Sea

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    Date
    2026
    Author
    Sambath, K.R.
    Karnan, C.
    Olivia, N.F.J.
    Sahu, B.K.
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    Abstract
    Coastal water stratification, controlled by riverine input and seasonal upwelling, strongly influences nutrient availability, oxygen dynamics, and zooplankton distribution in tropical shelf ecosystems. Despite its importance, the response of larger zooplankton (>?1 mm) to these combined effects remains poorly understood in the eastern Arabian Sea. This study investigates these dynamics along the west coast of India (Goa and Kochi) during the southwest monsoon (SWM; September 2022). During the SWM of 2022 (June-September), rainfall was higher along the Goa coast (avg. 19? ?25 mm/day) than at Kochi (avg. 14? ?20 mm/day), with episodic events likely producing intermittent freshwater pulses into coastal waters. A freshwater lens (salinity?<?32), approximately 2.64? ?0.4 m thick and extending over 11 km, formed a wedge-like stratification above upwelled, cooler, high-salinity, and oxygen-deficient waters off Goa. In contrast, the offshore expansion of this stratification was weaker in Kochi (avg. 2? ?0.6 m thick; horizontal span?~?5 km). The surface chlorophyll-a concentrations were higher and more widespread in Kochi, likely reflecting phytoplankton blooms, driven by stronger upwelling and weaker stratification. In Goa, larger zooplankton biovolume tended to increase toward offshore regions above weakly stratified waters, while in Kochi, high chlorophyll-a concentrations co-occurring with subsurface hypoxia corresponded with lower zooplankton abundance. Chaetognaths were the dominant group in both regions, with an average biovolume of 588? ?990 mm /m in Goa and 2.1? ?1.8 mm /m in Kochi during the sampling period. This study documents an offshore increase in the larger zooplankton along the central eastern Arabian Sea during the SWM, a pattern consistent with rainfall- and stratification-related habitat compression proposed previously for this region.
    URI
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10236-026-01809-4#citeas
    http://drs.nio.res.in/drs/handle/2264/9657
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