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    Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of biogenic nanosilver-conjugated thymol: In vitro and in vivo evaluation against emerging multi-drug resistant microbes

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    Date
    2023
    Author
    Ram, V.P.
    Yasur, J.
    Abishad, P.
    Ramesh, Ch.
    Gourkhede, D.P.
    Arya, P.R.
    Varsha, Unni
    Vergis, J.
    Malik, S.V.S.
    Kaore, M.
    Kurkure, N.V.
    Kullaiah, B.
    Barbuddhe, S.B.
    Rawool, D.B.
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    Abstract
    Phytochemicals and nanoparticles (NPs) despite having strong antibacterial activity, their limited stability and safety prevent their widespread biomedical and environmental applications. Therefore, the bio-efficacy and environmental safety of both can be increased by fabricating and conjugating them using eco-friendly processes. Herein, the impact of a novel green nanomedicine, nanosilver-conjugated thymol (AgT), was evaluated against multi-drug resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (MDR-EAEC) strains using in vitro and in vivo (Galleria mellonella) assays. Characterization of AgT by UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated the conjugation of thymol with biogenic nanosilver with a loading capacity of 16.60 � 0.24%. Electron microscopy revealed mono-dispersed spherical morphology with a size of 15.077 � 3.34 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (4-16 ?g/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentration (8-16 ?g/mL) were five to six-fold times lower than thymol. The antibacterial efficacy of AgT was at par with meropenem in the in vitro time-kill assay. Moreover, AgT was tested safe against gut lactobacilli, sheep erythrocytes, RAW 264.7 and HEp-2 cell lines; stable at various high-end temperatures, pH, proteases, cationic salts, and host sera. G. mellonella larvae treated with AgT exhibited higher survival rates and safety with reduced MDR-EAEC counts. Overall, compared to thymol, AgT showed promising therapeutic potential with improved safety.
    URI
    https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JDDST.2023.104741
    http://drs.nio.res.in/drs/handle/2264/9258
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